Pin Hole Camera Essay Example for Free

Pin Hole Camera EssayA pinhole camera is a simple camera without a lens and with a maven small aperture effectively a dead-proof box with a small hole in peerless side. Light from a scene passes through this single send and projects an inverted mountain chain on the opposite side of the box. The human eye in bright light acts similarly, as do cameras using small apertures. Up to a certain point, the smaller the hole, and the sharper the image, hardly the dimmer the intercommunicate image. Optimally, the size of the aperture should be 1/100 or less of the distance in the midst of it and the projected image. Because a pinhole camera requires a lengthy ikon, its shutter may be manually operated, as with a flap do of light-proof material to vertebral column and uncover the pinhole. Typical exposures range from 5 seconds to several hours. A common use of the pinhole camera is to capture the movement of the sun over a retentive period of time. This type of photography is called Solargraphy.The image may be projected onto a translucent screen for real-time viewing (popular for observing solar eclipses becharm also camera obscura), or can expose photographic characterisation or a charge coupled device (CCD). Pinhole cameras with CCDs be often utilize for surveillance because they are difficult to detect. Pinhole devices provide safety for the eyes when viewing solar eclipses because the event is observed indirectly, the diminished intensity of the pinhole image being immaculate compared with the full glare of the Sun itself. In the 10th century, Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) wrote about naturally-occurring rudimentary pinhole cameras. For example, light may travel through the slits of wicker baskets or the pass of tree leaves. (The circular dapples on a forest floor, actually pinhole images of the sun, can be seen to stand a bite sequestraten out of them during partial solar eclipses opposite to the position of the moons actual occultation of the s un because of the inverting effect of pinhole lenses.)Alhazen published this idea in the Book of Optics in 1021 AD. He improved on the camera after realizing that the smaller the pinhole, the sharper the image (though the less light). He provides the first clear description for construction of a camera obscura (Lat. dark chamber). In the 5th century BC, the Mohist philosopher Mo Jing in ancient China menti unrivaledd the effect of an inverted image forming through a pinhole. The image of an inverted Chinese pagoda is mentioned in Duan Chengshis (d. 863) book Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyangwritten during the Tang Dynasty (618907). Along with experimenting with the pinhole camera and the burning mirror of the ancient Mohists, the Song Dynasty (9601279 CE)Chinese scientist Shen Kuo (10311095) experimented with camera obscura and was the first to establish geometrical and quantitative attributes for it. In the 13th century AD, Robert Grosseteste and Roger Bacon commented on the pinho le camera.Between 1000 and 1600, men such as Ibn al-Haytham, Gemma Frisius, andGiambattista della orifice wrote on the pinhole camera, explaining why the images are upside down. Around 1600 AD, Giambattista della Porta added a lens to the pinhole camera. It was not until 1850 AD that a Scottish scientist by the name of Sir David Brewster actually took the first photograph with a pinhole camera. Up until recently it was believed that Brewster himself coined the stipulation Pinhole in The Stereoscope The earliest reference to the term Pinhole has been traced back to almost a century before Brewster to James Fergusons Lectures on select Subjects. Sir William Crookes and William de Wiveleslie Abney were otherwise wee photographers to try the pinhole technique. Within limits, a smaller pinhole (with a thinner surface that the hole goes through) will result in sharper image resolution because the projected circle of confusion at the image plane is practically the same size as the pinho le.An extremely small hole, however, can produce significant diffraction cause and a less clear image due to the wave properties of light. Additionally, vignetting occurs as the diameter of the hole approaches the thickness of the material in which it is punched, because the sides of the hole obstruct the light entering at anything other than 90 degrees. The best pinhole is perfectly round (since irregularities cause higher-order diffraction effects), and in an extremely thin piece of material. Industrially produced pinholes benefit from laseretching, but a hobbyist can still produce pinholes of sufficiently high quality for photographic work. One method is to start with a sheet of brass shim or metal reclaimed from an aluminium drinks can or tin foil/aluminum foil, use fine sand paper to reduce the thickness of the nub of the material to the minimum, before carefully creating a pinhole with a suitably sized needle. A method of calculating the optimal pinhole diameter was first at tempted by Jozef Petzval.The crispest image is obtained using a pinhole size determined by the formula pic Where d is pinhole diameter, f is focal length (distance from pinhole to image plane) and is the wavelength of light. For standard black-and-white photographic film, a wavelength of light corresponding to yellow-green (550nm) should yield optimum results. For a pinhole-to-film distance of 1 inch (25 mm), this works out to a pinhole 0.17 mm in diameter. For 5 cm, the appropriate diameter is 0.23 mm. The depth of field is basically infinite, but this does not mean that no optical blurring occurs. The infinite depth of field means that image blur depends not on object distance, but on other factors, such as the distance from the aperture to the film plane, the aperture size, and the wavelength(s) of the light source.Pinhole cameras can be oversewn by the photographer for a particular purpose. In its simplest form, the photographic pinhole camera can consist of a light-tight box with a pinhole in one end, and a piece of film or photographic paper wedged or readd into the other end. A flap of cardboard with a tape hinge can be utilise as a shutter. The pinhole may be punched or drilled using a sewing needle or small diameter bit through a piece of tinfoil or thin aluminum or brass sheet. This piece is then tape-recorded to the inside of the light tight box behind a hole cut through the box. A cylindrical oatmeal container may be made into a pinhole camera. Pinhole cameras can be constructed with a sliding film holder or back so the distance between the film and the pinhole can be adjusted. This allows the angle of view of the camera to be changed and also the effective f-stop ratio of the camera. Moving the film closer to the pinhole will result in a long angle field of view and a shorter exposure time.Moving the film farther away from the pinhole will result in a telephoto or narrow angle view and a longer exposure time. Pinhole cameras can also be cons tructed by replacing the lens assembly in a conventional camera with a pinhole. In particular, compact 35 mm cameras whose lens and focusing assembly have been damaged can be reused as pinhole camerasmaintaining the use of the shutter and film winding mechanisms. As a result of the enormous increase in number while maintaining the same exposure time, one must use a fast film in direct sunshine. Pinholes (homemade or commercial) can be used in place of the lens on an SLR. Use with a digital SLR allows metering and composition by trial and error, and is effectively free, so is a popular way to try pinhole photography. Unusual materials have been used to construct pinhole cameras, e.g., a Chinese roast duck. By Martin Cheung Calculating the f-number required exposureThe f-number of the camera may be calculated by dividing the distance from the pinhole to the imagery plane (the focal length) by the diameter of the pinhole. For example, a camera with a 0.5 mm diameter pinhole, and a 50 mm focal length would have an f-number of 50/0.5, or 100 (f/100 in conventional notation). Due to the large f-number of a pinhole camera, exposures will often encounter reciprocity failure. Once exposure time has exceeded about 1 second for film or 30 seconds for paper, one must compensate for the breakdown in linear response of the film/paper to intensity of illumination by using longer exposures. Other special features can be built into pinhole cameras such as the ability to take double images, by using multiple pinholes, or the ability to take pictures in cylindrical or spherical perspective by curving the film plane.These characteristics could be used for creative purposes. Once considered as an obsolete technique from the early days of photography, pinhole photography is from time to time a trend in artistic photography. Related cameras, image forming devices, or developments from it include Frankes wide field pinhole camera, the pin speck camera, and the pinhead mirror. NASA (via the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts) has funded initial research into theNew Worlds charge project, which proposes to use a pinhole camera with a diameter of 10 m and focus length of 200,000 km to image earth sized planets in other star systems. A non-focusing coded-aperture optical system may be thought of as multiple pinhole cameras in conjunction. By adding pinholes, light throughput and thus sensitivity are increased. However, multiple images are formed, usually requiring computer deconvolution.

Resistance of a wire Essay Example for Free

bulwark of a electrify EssayGeorge Ohm discovered that a circuit sometimes resists the flow of electricity. He c solelyed this resistance. The figure that George Ohm came up with for working out the resistance of a wire is as followed V/I = R V Volts I Current R Resistance This is known as Ohms Law Prediction The purpose of this examineation is to investigate the factors that affect the resistance of a wire. The hypothesis that I intent to prove or disprove is resistance will subjoin as the length of the wire increases, and resistance will decrease as the wire gets thicker. The experiment to come to this terminal will be conducted as follows firstly we attached three wires to nails that were held in place by a wooden board. The wires were attached o the nails by crocodile clips. The wires were all of different thickness, i. e. thick thin and medium circumferences. Electricity was supplied from a mains point,(in the form of volts) and from this high medium and low curren ts were passed through each of the wires. After all of the mingled currents had been passed through all of the wires, the resistance will be recorded using an ohm metre.After all of the initial measurements have been taken, the ohm metre will be travel 10 cm further away from the power supply for each of the wire, and will be further repeated in intervals of 10 cm to envision if the length of the wire has any bearing on the resistance of the wire. All of the results will because be recorded in a table and then illustrated graphically to assist in the analysis of the end results. It is my prediction that as the current increases, and the length of the wire becomes longer the resistance (measured in ohms) will increase as well.It is also my belief that as the wire gets thicker, the resistance will decrease. I also believe that the relation ship will prove to be linear and relative between length and resistance . I devised this prediction after some careful and well thought out use of my scientific knowledge the reasons I give for my prediction are as follows. The voltage travelling through the wires is a driving force, which effectively pushes the current around, acting as a kind of electrical pressure.A simple analogy to relieve this would be to use the example of a hosepipe, i.e. a hosepipe with a great circumference will offer less resistance than unmatchable with a smaller circumference, and also there is less surface area on a short piece of hosepipe, once again creating a smaller resistance. Also inline with my earlier analogy I believe that it will be a proportional relationship because if u double the length you double the available area for atoms within the wire The same principle can be used to let off resistance of a wire. The voltage is trying top push the current around the circuit, and the resistance is opposing it.The relative size of the voltage and resistance determine how big the current will be. So therefore if you increase the voltag e, more current will flow, or more voltage will be inevitable to keep the same current flowing. So as a consequence I believe that a long thin wire, and the smallest will offer the sterling(prenominal) resistance by a thick short wire. Below is a diagram taken from the SEG physical processes revision guide (Richard Parsons 1998) that will graphically explain my above analogy. The independent variable of the wire is its length and the dependant variable of the wire is the resistance.The factors that will be kept constantly the same throughout the experiment are as followed The thickness of the wire. The type of wire. The temperature. Safety precautions This experiment is relatively safe. The only two safety precautions that need to be taken into consideration during this experiment are Make sure the surface you are carrying the experiment out on is dry, as a water is a conductor of electricity, and is very suicidal if they react together. Whilst the multimeter is turned on make su re you do not touch the wires, because they become very hot throughout the course of the experiment.Obtaining Firstly I attached the wire to a meter ruler with sticky tape. Then I switched the multi-meter on. The multi-meter is connection to the wire via the crocodile clips. I then recorded the resistance, lengths ranging from 0 100cm. increase by intervals of 10cm each time. Thick wire Low Current Medium Current soaring Current Length (cm) Volts (V) Ohms (R) Volts (V) Ohms (R) Volts (V) Ohms (R) Average Resistance Medium wire Low Current Medium Current High Current Length (cm) Volts (V) Ohms (R) Volts (V) Ohms (R) Volts (V) Ohms (R) Average Resistance.Thin Wire Low Current Medium Current High Current Length (cm) Volts (V) Ohms (R) Volts (V) Ohms (R) Volts (V) Ohms (R) Average Resistance Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Impact of Student Socio-Economic Background on Performance

Impact of Student Socio-Economic Background on PerformanceTHE IMPACT OF STUDENTS SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE A CASE STUDY OF NORTH-EAST STUDENTS IN LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY (PUNJAB)JALESH GURUNGCHAPTER IINTRODUCTION ORIENTATION OF THE problemEducation is a introductory tool used by society for transmission of its societal values and culture. so, every parents are the most immediate tattle of a child for their growing and growth. Their financial status and precept do get hold of an important influence on the personality of child. For instance educated parents post better understand the educational needs and their childrens aptitude. They can help their children in their ahead of time education which affects their proficiency in their relative area of knowledge, confidence, idea, etceteraWhile, Belonging to strong financial background, parents can provide latest technologies and facilities in a best possible way to enhance educational capability of their children as well as they provide good education facilities also. Socio economic status is an economic and sociological combined total measure of a persons work consume and of an individuals or familys economic and companionable position relative to others, based on income and education, and occupation (Marmot, Michael, 2004) indicates When analyzing a familys sociable economic status, the household income, earners education and occupation are examined, as well as combined income, versus with an individual, when their own attributes are assessed. Many factors and reasons put one across been given as being responsible for the sustained going in the academician standard of our present educational system. These includes attitudes of teachers to work, lack of seriousness on the part of the educatees, effect of the dwindled economy and to some extent the change magnitude degenerating moral system.harmonize to Lareau, Annette ( 2003) observes that Socioeconomic status is typ ically broken into three categories, high, middle, and low to describe the three areas a family or an individual may fall into when placing a family or individual into one of these categories any or all of the three variables income, education, and occupation can be assessed. Additionally, low income and little education induct shown to be strong predictors of a range of physical and mental health problems due to environmental conditions may be the entire cause of that persons social predicament to begin with. Most economically disadvantaged children have effectively mastered the usual cultivational childhood tasks of motor and language skills, and have learned the values of social practices of their platefuls and neighborhoods (Harry Klingner, 2007) but they may not have learned particular forms of language or the ways in which shallows use unique(predicate) forms of language to the extent that their middle income peers have. Therefore, it can be assumed that students failur e to achieve academically may be explained by other factors also. The amount of notes that a family has or the color of a childs skin should not influence how well that child learns (Rothstein, 2004)Literature reviewThese chapter focus on the relevant and related literature of various researches in an attempt to relate their work to this adopt.Sub topic related to the literature review are as followsThe concept of social and economic problemsRelationship between parents income to the students.The students academic exploit as well as social adjustment(i)The concept of social and economic problemsWhile sociology use some broad theoretical sense to explain the concept and meaning of society and its activities. They divide the macro- direct society into two broad perspectives, videlicet functionalism and conflict theory, and then the feminist theory, which combines both micro and micro-levels of analysis, and also the interactions theory, a micro level analysis which is by far the m ost influential of the social psychological theories in sociology. (Coleman and Cressey, 1999).The idea make up of the society in such that individual and group of individual is co-exist in the society and make them as a harmony and pace without any threat to the society. Moreover the concept of social and economic problems is that misconstrued by many people.(ii)Relationship between parents income to the students.APA ( 2001) describe the relationship of family socioeconomic status to childrens readiness for school, Across all socioeconomic groups parents face major challenges when it comes to providing optimal care and education for their children. For families in poverty these challenges can be formidable. Sometimes, when basic necessities are lacking, parents must place top priority on housing, food, clothing, and health care. Educational toys, games, and books may appear to be luxuries, and parents may not have the time, energy, or knowledge to find innovative and little-expens ive ways to foster young childrens development.Furthermore,( Ominde, S.H 1964) observes that even in families with above average income parents often lack the time and energy to order fully in their childrens preparation for school, and they sometimes face a limited array of options for high-quality child care both before their children start school and during the early school years. Kindergarten teachers throughout the country report that children are increasingly arriving at school inadequately prepared.Families with low socioeconomic status often lack the financial, social, and educational supports that characterize families with high socioeconomic status. Poor families also may have inadequate or limited glide slope to community resources that promote and support childrens development and school readiness. Parents may have inadequate skills for such activities as reading to and with their children, and they may lack information about childhood immunizations and nutrition.Larea u, Annette (2004) state that low motherly education and minority-language status are most consistently associated with fewer signs of emerging literacy and a greater number of difficulties in preschoolers. Having inadequate resources and limited access to visible(prenominal) resources can negatively affect families decisions regarding their young childrens development and learning. As a result, children from families with low socioeconomic status are at greater risk of entrance kindergarten unprepared than their peers from families with median or high socioeconomic status.Amutabi, M.A (2003) says that the jolt of socioeconomic status on childrens readiness for school while the segregating nature of social class, ethnicity, tradition may well reduce the variety of enriching experience through to be prerequisite for creating readiness to learn among children activates. Similarly, cast ethnic value, housing, neighborhood and access to resource that directly or indirectly affect enr ichment or deprivation as well as the acquisition of specific value system(iii)The students academic performance as well as social adjustmentAcademic performance of students in the classroom is very important as this is capable of determining whether the student is doing well or not. Parents, Teachers, School Administrators attach so much importance to students academic performance that if the students are not playacting well academically, then they see all other efforts of the students in the school programme as a total waste. These people pretend as if at that place are no other activities for the student in the school environment aside the academics, hence academic performance defines the totality of the child in his school life. Contrary to the opinion of this group, it is important that there are many factors that determine the level of a students academic achievement, chief among these factors is social adjustment.Moreover, academic performance has been seen as a term used f or students based on how well they are doing in their studies and classes. This definition tends to see academic performance as the culmination of all the activities of the student in the school. Academic performance for the student is also seen as the extent to which a student has achieved his educational goals (Wikipedia, 2012-2014).1.3 Statement of the problemsAccording to study published in 2001 issue of Psychological Science found that children of parents with a high socioeconomic status tended to express more disengagement behaviors than their less fortunate peers. In this context, disengagement behaviors represent actions such as fidgeting with other objects and drawing pictures while being addressed. Other participants born into less favored tidy sum tended to make more eye contact, nods as signs of happiness when put into an interactive social environment. The more fortuitous peers felt less inclined to gain plangency with their group because they saw no need for their ass istance in the future. However, Socio-economic status can be measured in a number of different ways. The crest things that commonly it is measured by fathers education, occupation and income.All familys socioeconomic status is based on family income, parental education level, parental occupation, and social status in the community such as contacts within the community, group associations, and the communitys academic performance of the family, while families with high socioeconomic status often have more success in preparing their young children for school because they typically have access to a wide range of resources to promote and support young childrens development in day to day life. They are able to provide their young children with high- quality child care, books, and toys to encourage children in various learning activities at home but lack in poor ones. And , they have easy access to information regarding their childrens health, as well as social, emotional, and cognitive d evelopment. In addition, families with high socioeconomic status often seek out information to help them better prepare their young children for school and college. The study aimed at finding out the function of socio-economic status of the family on the academic performance of the student in private Universities in Punjab, A case study of North-East students in lovely professed(prenominal) university.1.4 ObjectiveTo study the relationship between socio- economic status of families and its impact on the academic performance of the students in university.To study the impact of the level of parents education on the academic performance of the students in university level.To study the impact of occupations of parents on academic performance of the students in the in university. Similarly, to know about the negative impact as well as positive impact on the students performance.To study the impact of family income on academic performance of the students in the various courses in univer sity.To study the impact of expenditure on childrens education on their academic performance in the university.To know about the students academic performance (TGPA/CGPA) according to their families socio-economic background.CHAPTER-IIMETHODS AND PROCEDURE2.1 STUDY AREA2.2METHODSWhile, according to the availability of information the method adopted for this study was descriptive and statistical in nature. The sample consists of 95 students selected from different courses in the university. Therefore, Out of 95 students 36 were males and 59 were females in age range of 20 to 30 from different schools. To have a comparative study of the boys and the girls ,the sample was drawn from both the boys and the girls institutions. Stratified random sampling technique was applied for selection of the students for the sample. Similarly, For a detailed technical foul discussion of all that will be presented in this section, see Dachs et al (2006)Figure 1 Heretical web of determinants of academ ic performance of students at university (Dechs et al. 2006)2.3 QUESTIONNAIREA self-importance designed questionnaire was used for collection the data. First of all, The questionnaires were designed keeping in mind the objectives of the study and the clarity required at the field level for filling the questionnaire. In this study both types of questionnaire are used i.e. closed-ended as well forthright ended or combination of both.2.4 DATA COLLECTIONThe autochthonic data was collected through the help of questionnaires. While its carry both types such as closed ended as well as open ended questions and they are self administered. All around 95 of questionnaires ware distributed in different block of the University.Secondary data were collected by the appropriated data sources including news paper, books, journals, and activities both published and un-published data sources. Therefore, the data were collected by the method of snow ball survey as well as self distributed. Generally I followed this methods because it was save my time and costs.Additional documents were collected by the university faculty and from friends as well.2.5 PROCESSING OF DATAThe Entire data from the field card was processed and tabulated in the computer unit. However these processes include the writing, interpretation, analysis of data etc. The programmed for the data feeding, coding of data, scrutinizing of data, preparing of table for the report as well as preparing of statistical volume and analytical tools likewise bar diagram, percentages, pie chat etc.

Leo Kanners Theories of Autism: A History

Leo Kanners Theories of Autism A HistoryFascination PeculiaritiesNourotribes, neurodiversity, siberman, autismAsperger survived the war, but his concept of autism as a broad spectrum that was not at all in all rare was buried with the ashes of his clinic. A very different conception of autism, invented by the Baltimore child psychiatrist Leo Kanner took its place.Kanner make his paper Autistic Disturbances of affectional foregather in 1943, one year before Asperger published his thesis in German. Yet for half a century, Kanner was considered the lone pioneer in the field, and autism was referred to as Kanners syndrome. some pack believed Aspergers model was lost in obscurity because clinicians were not eager to read papers translated from the German after the horrible things committed by the Nazis. Kanner was a native German speaker, and his was familiar with well-nigh every other paper written in the emerging field of child psychiatry during that era. But he remained silent a stir(predicate) Aspergers work. His sin of omission had grave consequences for autistic people and their families. And the one clinician in American who knew the real story wasnt apt to say anything intimately it in common because he owed Kanner his life.***Leo Kanner was born in Ukrain (then part of Austria) near the Russian border in 1896. His father taught him Hebrew when he was five. By the time he enrolled at the University of Berlin in 1913, he had mastered German, Polish, French, Latin, and Greek, though he still spoke no English. Ignore his grandfathers advice to become a rabbi, he clothe out to watch medicine. But when World War I started in the summer of 1914, he was drafted into the army to serve in the medical corps. He resumed his studies after the war, majoring in cardiology.After earning his degree, he became a general practitioner in Berlin. In 1924, an American doctor persuaded him to immigrate to the United States to work as a psychiatrist in the Yankton State Hospital in South Dakota.The Yankton State Hospital was surrounded by over fifteen hundred farming of farmland, which was used to raise pigs, corn, and dairy cattle to feed the patients. He was dismayed to find out that only one of his new colleagues his supervisor, George Adams had any formal discipline in psychiatry. Kanner observed that the just about astute clinical observer on staff was a disabled volunteer in the Stone Room who treated the patients respectfully as individuals. This man would spend hours just listening as they related stories about growing up and their hopes and aspirations before they were declared insane. Though he was not one of the resident experts, he had a decisive effect on Kanners approach to psychiatry. Instead of grilling the residents of Yankton with inane questionnaires, he probed into his patients family backgrounds to seek the secret roots of their illnesses.On the scratch line Christmas Eve at the hospital, Kanner proposed that patients w ho were not violent should be liberated from their straitjackets and other forms of restraint. This humane experiment was a success, and the patients could move about more freely from then on. After reading a paper about the therapeutic value of art, he distributed paints, crayons, pencils, and paper throughout the hospital and set up a gallery in the building to feature rotating exhibits of patients work. A group of Mennonite schizophrenics christened Kanner the doctor from Germany.In 1925, Kanner published a psychiatric study of Henrik Ibsens comrade Gynt in the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. In 1926, Kanner and Adams published a paper in the American Journal of Psychiatry based on their study of Thomas Robertson, a Native Indian with paresis. Paresis is a form of dementia caused by untreated syphilis infection. In the paper, Kanner mentioned that paresis was so rare among Native American that demanded explanation. By probing into Robertsons family background, Kanner discovered that he was not full-blooded Sioux in fact, his father was a Scotsman. He boldly proposed that syphilis was well established in the Americas that full-blooded Native Americans are immune to the most debilitating aspects of the disease. Robertson had inherited his unusual susceptibility to paresis from his father, who was a Scotsman, while his full-blooded brothers and sisters were left unscathed. The paper claimed Robertsons posture as a dominant figure among the Indians was likely a result of his infusion of Anglo-Saxon blood.Was the case of Thomas Robertson as exceptional as Kanner claimed? historical sources suggest that Kanner was stretching the truth. At a symposium on syphilis in 1902, the superintendent of the Binghamton State Hospital noted a remarkable preponderance of paresis in his native patients. Yet the paper succeeded in putting him on the map of American psychiatry. He was able to obtain his medical license merely by filing out a questionnaire from the s tate.In 1928, Kanner and family moved to Baltimore as Kanner began his fellowship at Johns Hopkins under the directorship of the Swiss neurologist Adolf Meyer. In 1930, Meyer appointed Kanner to head up a new child-behavior clinic that would act as a bridge between pediatrics and psychiatry at Johns Hopkins.With Meyers encouragement, Kanner embarked on his most ambitious project theme the start-off textbook of child psychiatry, creating creating a new field of medicine by drawing on elements of other disciplines. The first edition of Child Psychiatry, published in 1935, was hailed as a remarkable achievement and became a runaway best seller.In 1937, Kanner made headlines by exposing a major scandal in Baltimore. Acting on a tip from the superintendent of Rosewood State Training School, he discovered that a local lawyer had been making a fortune by offering the schools feebleminded female residents as cheap domestic help to wealthy families. The Rosewood affair established Kanner in the public mind as a voice for the voiceless. But his failure to name those responsible rendered unclear whom exactly he was protecting. He maintained support for sterilisation of those unfit to raise children for years, though he opposed euthanasia in a public debate.***By the fall of 1937, as the exodus of Jews was under way, the Kanners move up to this historic challenge and acted as an unofficial immigration agency for Jewish doctors, nurses, and researchers, providing them with the documentation they needed to get visas while helping them to find jobs. The Kanners rescued nearly two hundred colleagues from the Nazis. They graciously opened their home in Baltimore to assist migrs adapting to live in the new culture.***In September 1938, Kanner saw a five-year-old boy named Donald Tripplett with symptoms he had never seen before. The boys parents, Beaman and Mary Triplett, were a bright and successful couple in Forest, Mississippi. The parents, on the recommendation of their fa mily physician, committed Donald to a state sanctuary in 1937. After a year, Mary and Beaman took Donald home. The family pediatrician referred the Tripletts to Kanner.At first, Kanner didnt know what to make of Donalds behavior. Only a handful of clinicians could have made sense of Donalds condition, and most of them were working in Vienna at the Heilpdagogik Station. One of them, Aspergers former diagnostician Georg Frankl, had just been brought over from Austria by Kanner to become the full-time psychiatrist-pediatrician. In fact, upon arriving in natural York City in November 1937, Frankl reunited with Anni Weiss, the young psychologist who wrote the case history of Gottfried. The couple got married two weeks later. The following April, they joined Kanners inner circle at Johns Hopkins.Over the campaign of two weeks in October 1938, Frankl and a psychiatrist named Eugenia Cameron worked up a detailed portrait of Donalds behavior.Kanner was struck by Mary and Beamans recollect ions that their son had never responded to people in the usual ways, even as an infant. This suggested that Donalds condition was innate and inborn rather than a response to some kind of psychological trauma inflicted by his environment. He recognized the outline of a breakthrough in his field the discovery of the first form of major psychosis endemic to infancy.Kanner published his paper, Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact, in the June issue of The Nervous Child. In the paper, he interwove Frankls and Camerons meticulous observations, excerpts from parents diaries and letters, and his own reflections on his patients behavior. He felt it was premature at that point to propose a set of criteria for diagnosing the condition he described. To make the pattern visible to his peers, he proposed two essential common characteristics shared by all children with this syndrome. The first was a will to self-isolation, present from birth. The second was a fear of change and surprise. He did not give the syndrome a name in the paper. It was only in 1944 when Kanner produced a condensed version of his paper for Pediatrics did he called his syndrome early infantile autism.Kanners view of autism diverged from the model that Asperger and his colleagues developed in Vienna. Because Kanner focused exclusively on the first years of childhood, adults and teenagers were out of the picture. Instead of presenting his syndrome as a broad spectrum with varying manifestations, Kanner framed his patients as a strictly defined and monolithic group.

Advanced decisions in end of life planning

Advanced closes in hold on of tone purposeningThe advanced care planning (ACP)process is concerned with ensuring the diligent has expressed their wishes should their condition deteriorate, leaving them without mental capacity or unable to communicate their decision.(REF LCP)Part of this process is abandoning the persevering to create advanced decisions with regards to refusing treatment (Joseph, 2010). As end of life planning is such a vast topic this essay will critically evaluate the key principles of advanced decisions with regards to Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ( cardiopulmonary resuscitation). kiss of life is an manage in some health care settings including infirmarys, primary care, day hospitals and nursing homes. The ethical debate and the associated problems with advanced decisions are becoming ever more unmixed ascribable to the ever increasing number of elderly people in nursing and residential homes. (DH, 2000, 2010). Previous secern based research has looke d at fortune elderly people and their families with decision making in end of life planning (references) as well as Patients requesting Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) orders against the advice of others (REF). in that location appears to be a gap in the literature concerning the complexity of the tensions associated between the check, the rights of the patient and family (or independent advocate) when the patient has specifically requested resuscitation in the hithertot of a cardiac arrest against the advice of the multidisciplinary team. This reflection is based on an issue experienced within my practice and can cause many ethical and lesson debates for the nursing staff. The knowledge gained from this reflection will inform my future practice on how patients rights are supported or challenged and the subsequent roles of the adjudge.Gibbs (1988) developed his model of reflection in order to reflect on events, critically evaluate fundamental concepts and influence future practice. Th e first element of this model is based on experience and a description of events. Mr Smith is an elderly gentleman in his late 80s currently living in a nursing home. He has one daughter and a son in law who he is close to and his wife and son passed away a few years ago. Mr Smiths health has been deteriorating over a full stop of time and the staff nurses and his daughter want to begin the advanced care planning process. For the purpose of this reflection, names and individualized data has been changed in line with the NMCs (2008) insurance on confidentiality.It is a great deal difficult to establish when a person is reaching the last(a) stages of life (Ellershaw Wilkinson, 2003), however factors have been identified in the Liverpool Care highway in order to allow patients to be assessed, including stiffend performance status (Karnovsky, 1949) increased dependence in activities of daily living (Barthel, 1965) weight loss and overall physical decline (McNicholl, 2006).Mr S mith had lost a significant amount of weight over the previous 6 months, was requiring more help with various tasks, including personal hygiene and often required the use of a wheelchair as he was becoming more unstable on his feet. It was due to this that it was felt the ACP process was necessary. in force(p) nursing practice relies upon the ability to develop therapeutic relationships with the patient and family (Peplau, 1952). The qualities of the relationship include trade good listening skills, a build up of trust and empathy ( Watt-Watson, Garfinkel, Gallop, Stevens, 2002). It is crucial for relatives to be included in discussions concerning end of life planning as it allows everyone involved to understand and come to terms with the decision (McDermott 2002).A meeting was arranged with Mr smith and his daughter (after consent was gained) to disuss his care wishes in the event of his condition deteriorating. Mr Smith understood that his condition was getting worse only whe n was adamant that he wanted every effort to keep him alive. Therefore, if he went under cardiac arrest Mr Smith would wish the nurse to commence CPR.Cardiopulmonary Resuscitiation (CPR) is a conglomerate ethical decision comprising of many legal, ethical and emotional decisions for that of the nurse, patient and family (Jeven, 1999).The principle role of the nurse is to assist the patient in restoring or maintaining the best take aim of health possible (NMC, 2004). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a procedure that aims to prolong the life of an individual who goes under a cardiac arrest by attempting to restore respire and increase oxygenated blood flow to the brain and heart. The decision to oblige out this procedure should be based on any potential risks or benefits to the patient and should non be carried out with no regard to the quality or life expectancy of the patient (BMA, magnificent College of breast feeding the Resuscitation Council, 2007).These discussions led to a mete out in attitudes as it was felt by the majority that a do not resuscitate (DNR) order would be the nearly sensible and realistic option. A DNR order is often implemented when a person is extremely ill and death is imminent (British Medical Association, 2007). Furthermore, if the patient has other chronic illnesses, which will reduce the quality or length of life, CPR has the potential to prolong suffering and do more impairment than good and so would not be giveed skilful (BMA, Royal College of breast feeding the Resuscitation Council, 2007).However, Mr Smith did not agree with this and felt angry and confused as to why his family would suggest that a DNR would be appropriate. He was instinctive to accept the associated risks of CPR and maintained that his age should not prevent him being entitled to treatment. This statement is supported by equal rights for the elderly, in which people cannot be denied CPR just because of age (DH, 2001).This decision appeared s omewhat irrational as he had say for some time that it was his time to go and he was ply up of suffering and his mental capacity was called into question.The Mental Capacity Act (2005) states that an advanced decision (formerly known as an advanced directive) gives a person over the age of 18, who is deemed to have mental capacity, the ability to consent to or refuse a specific treatment if they become in a position where they privation capacity or are unable to state their decision. A person is considered to have capacity if they are able to understand and retain information in order to make an informed decision be able to understand the consequences of any interventions and be able to communicate their decision (GMC, 2008). Current English law states that individuals are presumed to have mental capacity unless it can be proven otherwise and this does not take away the allowance for seemingly irrational and wild decisions to be made (NMC, 2004, BMA 2009, DOH, 2001, MCA, 2005)Mr Smith was deemed to have full mental capacity as he fulfilled the criteria outlined by the MCA (2005) and a second popular opinion doctor was to a fault called to ensure that this was the case. If the patient lacked capacity to make their own decisions, nursing staff must act in line with the patients best wishes (Dimond, 2006). In such circumstances members of the multidisciplinary team must be able to provide clear justification (Hutchinson, 2005). Had it been the case that Mr Smith lacked capacity it would have been reasonable for the nurse to justify not performing CPR, however, failure to comply with his wishes could potentially lead to legal and skipper consequences as the NMC (2004) states that patients autonomy must be respected even where this may result in harm.However, the ACP is not legally binding as clinical judgement takes priority (REF LCP). This can put the nurse into a moral dilemma because following(a) professional and legal responsibilities would turn down t he patient their rights.Beauchamp and Childress (1994) devised an ethical framework based on 4 moral principles to provide guidance on the conflict between the role of the nurse and the rights of the patient. Beneficence, suggests that any decision to be made must be in the best interests of the specific patient as well as weighing up potential benefit and risks (Beauchamp Childress, 2008). In this case it could be suggested that the risks far outweigh any potential benefits and to do CPR would not be the greater good but this would affect the principle of autonomy. Autonomy is the patients right to accept or refuse any medical treatment. It follows deontological theories (Mill, 1982) which deem an action to be right, if it accords with a moral duty or code, regardless of the outcome (Noble-Adams 1999). This approach would justify the nurse performing CPR because they would be following their legal and professional code of conduct in that a patients wishes must be respected and car ried out (NMC, 2008). However going against the patients wishes could also be deemed as morally right as part of the nurses role is to allow the patient to die with dignity (King,1996). Howver, this could be suggested as following the traditional notion of paternalism, which is not compatible with modern day ethics (Rumbold, 1999). All of these issues cause a moral dilemma for the nurse and impact upon the patients rights as it has been suggested that CPR can deny a patients right to die with dignity by prolonging the dying process (McDermott 2002) and so could be suggested that the greatest good in the built in bed would be achieved by not performing CPR.The principle of non-maleficence is based on doing no harm (Edwards, 1996). Many people have unrealistic expectations of the success rates of CPR due to media representations (Dean 2001). Patients who survive cardiac arrests following resuscitation is as low as 20% and not all of these inidivudals get to the position of being well enough to be discharged from hospital (Cardozo, 2005). These rates of success are reduced even further when patients have underlying problems and poor health (Schultz 1997). However, it could be argued that the ultimate harm would be to do nothing resulting in death which would also be against Mr smiths wishes. The fact that Mr smith was already considered emaciated and having deteriorating health increases the risk of physical injure during chest compressions but as Mr Smith had already written an advanced directive stating he wished to receive CPR then this should be carried out (Pennels, 2001). This puts the nurse in a serious dilemma as patients and their families taking legal action is becoming increasingly common (Oxtoby, 2005) and the nurse is bound by the legalities of their professional code, which would claim that failing to carry out CPR would be considered negligent (Jevon, 1999) and as nurses are professionally accountable for their actions this could put their career in jepoardy(NMC, 2004).The final ethical principle of Justice is concerned with fairness and equality maintaining that every individual has the right to life (Human Rights Act, 1998) and therefore, the patient has a right for the nurse to carry out CPR (even if they have not previously stated this) especially if they have an advanced descision stating that they wish to be resuscitated in the event of cardiac arrest. (Costello, 2002).After all this has been taken into consideration, the rights of the patient, including those who have an advanced decision can still be overruled as before the decision can be utilize there must be reasonable evidence to suggest that the decision is still valid and applicable (BMA, 2007). Mr Smith appeared not to be acting in line with his advanced decisions as he was refusing to eat or drink and appeared withdrawn in his personality, not wanting to participate in his activities of living (Roper, Logan and Tierney, 2000).It has been suggested that many health care professionals do not discuss goals of care as they have inadequate colloquy skills or that there is often conflicting ideas between the patient and professional about what is in their best interests (Haidet et al, 1998)As this has often found to be the case, one of the registered nurses trenchant to have a further claver with Mr Smith as it was felt that his needs were not being appropriately addressed. It transpired that Mr Smith did wish to die a peaceful death but was terrified of what might happen and if he said he did not wish to be resuscitated then he could be left suffering alone(predicate) in great disoblige in his last few minutes.The Liverpool Care Pathway suggests that the role of the nurse in the last few days of life shifts to a holistic approach of care to promote comfort and moves away from the idea of active care which includes any invasive or unnecessary procedures that could be avoided (REFERENCE).The Gold Standards Framework provides an holisti c assessment plan to aid communication between the nurse and the patient, including how physical, emotional, social, spiritual and communicational needs came be met (Thomas, 2009)The nurse stated that medications can be arranged for end of life care to alleviate any pain and suffering.Discuss syringe drivers, end of life medication and brawlDuring the final stages of life a natural physiological process causes the swallowing reflex not to work and so the use of oral medication is limited (Thorns Gerrard, 2003). A common palliative care practice is to use a syringe driver to administer drugs (ODoherty et al, 2001), which allows comfortable parenteral treatment of pain, nausea and breathlessness (GrassbyHutchings, 1997). In most circumstances this form of medication administration comes without controversy (Woods, 2004), however, the double effect of sedatives and opiates will reduce fretfulness and pain but have also been claimed to supress respiratory function, which has the pote ntial to speed up the dying process (BNF, 2007). The most important aspect of this double effect is that it is permissible so long as death is not intended and is occurs as a byproduct of an intention carried out for the patients best interests (Fohr, 1998). Furthermore, it has been stated that there is a lack of empirical evidence to support this claim (Kaldjian et al, 2004) and research has suggested that repiratory depression does not occur with patients receiving opiods for pain in end of life treatment (Walsh, 1982).The role of the nurse is, therefore to allow the patient to die peacefully. However, health professionals are accountable for their actions and must be able to provide justifications if any problems arise (Dimond, 2004)An assessment using the Abbey pain scale(INCLUDE to a greater extent DETAILS) was carried out to analyse levels of pain experienced by Mr Smith and the appropriate drugs were administered via the syringe driver.Mr Smith continued to deteriorate and di ed peacefully with his favourite classical unison on, his daughter holding his hand and a picture of his wife by his bed.She also clarified that the advanced decision he would have made was wholly concerned with CPR and did not have to decline all treatment just because he declined one.The nurse asked him if it was clear the end was near what the staff and his family could do to help his transition into death. Mr Smith stated he did not want to be alone and wished to have his family with him to reassure him and comfort him in his last moments. The heading of this discussion was not to overrule Mr Smiths advanced decision but to confirm its applicability and validity to his current circumstances. Details of these discussions were recorded in his care plan records in line with relevant policies (REFERENCE)WHAT WAS GOOD/ BAD ABOUT EXPERIENCE?GOOD THAT IT WAS REALISED BEFORE IT WAS TOO LATEBAD COMMUNICATION psychoanalysis what sense can you make of the situationOn reflection of the s ituation the complexities of the tensions between the rights of the patient and the role of the nurse become alarmingly apparent. Nurses are anticipate to use evidence based knowledge to inform their practice centred on the NMC professional code of conduct. This practice can often involve moral dilemmas on life and death matters for which the nurse can be held professionally accountable. The nurses role is ever more challenging when the patient is entitled to make their own decisions, often deemed unwise or not in their best interests. This reflection informs my practice as it highlights the importance of not only allowing the patient to make an informed decision based on knowledge and evidence but also to explore their feelings behind the decision to be made. In this case it wasnt that Mr Smith wanted CPR in the event of a cardiac arrest because he felt like it was the best option and would extend his life or the quality of it but because he was scared of dying and unsure of what would happen. As the nurse discussed his fears and anxieties and suggested ways in which these could be dealt with Mr Smith agreed that a DNR order would be the most effective way to ensure a peaceful and dignified death without prolonging any pain or suffering for him or his family. This experience has taught me that each situation is unique and there can never be any absolute right or wrong in nursing. Patients well-being depends on many factors including anxiety or unmet physical or emotional needs (Dewing, 2002). Communication with patients, their relatives or an advocate is of utmost importance when identifying individual needs as well as understanding the rationale behind decision making. Furthermore, communication between the multidisplinary team is imperative in order to promote best practice (Bridges and Wilkinson, 2011).The insight I have gained from this experience will inform my future practice to understand the feelings and attitudes behind the patients actions and beha viours.Conclusion what else could you have doneAction plan, if it rose again what would you doDiscussionGeneral Medical Council. (2008). patient and doctor making decisions together. Available http//www.gmc-uk.org/static/documents/content/ coincide_0510.pdf. Last accessed 23 April 2011.Abbey Pain Scale Abbey, J De Bellis, A Piller, N Esterman, A Giles, L Parker, D and Lowcay, B. Funded by the JH JD Gunn Medical Research Foundation 1998-2002.10. Bedell SE, Pelle D, Maher PL, et al. Do-not-resuscitateorders for critically ill patients in the hospital. How arethey used and what is their impact? JAMA 1986 256233-237.13. Haidet P, Hamel MB, Davis RB, et al. Outcomes,preferences for resuscitation and physicianpatientcommunication among patients with metastaticcolon cancer. SUPPORT Investigators. Study toUnderstand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomesand Risks of Treatments. Am J Med 1998 105222-229.19. Deep KS, Grif?th CH, Wilson JF. Discussingpreferences for cardiopulmonary resuscitat ion whatdo resident physicians and their hospitalized patientsthink was decided? Patient Educ Couns 2008 7220-25.Gallagher A, Wainwright P (2007) Terminal sedation promoting ethical nursing practice.Nursing Standard. 21, 34, 42-46. Date of acceptance January 4 2007.Fohr SA (1998) The double effect of painmedication separating myth from reality.Journal of Palliative Medicine. 1, 4,315-328British National Formulary (2007)British National Formulary No. 53. BritishMedical Association and the RoyalPharmaceutical Society of Great Britain,London.Dimond B (2004) Legal Aspects ofNursing. Fourth edition. Longman, Harlow.Woods S (2004) Terminal sedation anursing perspective. In Tnnsj T (Ed)Terminal Sedation Euthanasia inDisguise? Kluwer Academic Publishers,Dordrecht, 43-56.Kaldjian LC, Jekel JF, Bernene JL,Rosenthal GE, Vaughan-Sarrazin M,Duffy TP (2004) Internists attitudestowards terminal sedation in end of lifecare. Journal of Medical Ethics. 30, 5,499-503.Bridges j, Wilkinson C (2011) achi eving dignity for older people with dementia in hospital. Nursing Standard. 25, 29, 42-47. January 11 2011.Tschudin, Verena (2003). Ethics in Nursing the caring relationship (3rd ed.). Edinburgh Butterworth-HeinemannRumbold, G (1999). Ethics in Nursing Practice. Balliere Tindall. ISBN0-7020-2312-4.Baskett P, Steen P, Bossaert L(2006) The ethics of resuscitationand end of life decisions. In BaskettP, Nolan J (Eds) A Pocket Book ofthe European Resuscitation CouncilGuidelines for Resuscitation 2005.Mosby Elsevier, Edinburgh, 194-210.Beauchamp T, Childress J (2001)Principles of Biomedical Ethics. Fifthedition. Oxford University Press,Oxford.Biegler P (2003) Should patientconsent be required to write a donot resuscitate order? Journal ofMedical Ethics. 29, 6, 359-363.Cardozo M (2005) What is a gooddeath? Issues to examine in criticalcare. British Journal of Nursing. 14,20, 1056-1060.Costello J (2002) Do notresuscitate orders and older peoplefindings from an ethnographic studyof hospital wards for older people.Journal of Advanced Nursing. 39, 5,491-499.Dean J (2001) The resuscitationstatus of a patient a constantdilemma. British Journal of Nursing.10, 8, 537-543.Department of health (2001a)Consent What you have a Right toExpect. A Guide for Adults. TheStationery Office, London.Department of Health (2001b)Seeking Consent Working with OlderPeople. The Stationery Office, London.Department of Health (2001c)The Expert Patient A NewApproach to Chronic DiseaseManagement for the 21st Century.The Stationery Office, London.Dimond B (2006) Mental capacityand professional advice in a patientwith dysphagia. British Journal ofNursing. 15, 10, 574-575.Driscoll J, Teh B (2001) Thepotential of reflective practice todevelop individual orthopaedicnurse practitioners and theirpractice. Journal of OrthopaedicNursing. 5, 2, 95-103.Edwards S (1996) Nursing EthicsA Principle-Based Approach.Macmillan, Basingstoke.Gibbs G (1988) Learning by DoingA Guide to Teaching and LearningMethods. Furt her Education Unit,London.Hek G, Judd M, Moule P (2002)Making mind of Research AnIntroduction for Health and SocialCare Practitioners. Second edition.Sage, London.Hendrick J (2000) Law and Ethicsin Nursing and Health Care. StanleyThornes, Cheltenham.Hutchinson C (2005) Addressingissues related to openhanded patients wholack the capacity to give consent.Nursing Standard. 19, 23, 47-53.Jevon P (1999) Do not resuscitateorders the issues. NursingStandard. 13, 40, 45-46.Jevon P, Raby M (2002)Resuscitation in primary care.Nursing Standard. 17, 7, 33-35.McDermott A (2002) Involvingpatients in discussions ofdo-not-resuscitate orders.Professional Nurse. 17, 8, 465-468.Noble-Adams R (1999) Ethics andnursing research 1 development,theories and principles. BritishJournal of Nursing. 8, 13, 888-892.Nursing and Midwifery Council(2004) The NMC Code ofProfessional Conduct Standards forConduct, Performance and Ethics.NMC, London.Oxtoby K (2005) Consentobtaining permission to care.Nursing Times. 10 1, 1, 23.Payne S, Hardey M, Coleman P(2000) Interactions between nursesduring handovers in elderly care.Journal of Advanced Nursing. 32, 2,277-285.Pennels C (2001) Resuscitationthe legal and ethical implications.Professional Nurse. 16, 11, 1476-1477.Polit D, Beck C (2006) Essentialsof Nursing Research Methods,Appraisal and Utilization. Sixthedition. Lippincott, Williams andWilkins, Philadelphia PA.Resuscitation Council (UK)(2001) Decisions Relating toCardiopulmonary Resuscitation AJoint Statement from the BritishMedical Association, theResuscitation Council (UK) and theRoyal College of Nursing. RC (UK),London.Royal College of Nursing (1997)Ethical plights Issues in Nursingand Health 43. RCN, London.Rundell S, Rundell L (1992) Thenursing contribution to theresuscitation debate. Journal ofclinical Nursing. 1, 2, 195-198.Schultz L (1997) Not forresuscitation two decades ofchallenge for nursing ethics and practice.Nursing Ethics. 4, 3, 227-238.Sletteboe A (1997) Dilemma aconcept analys is. Journal ofAdvanced Nursing. 26, 4, 449-454.Thompson I, Melia K, Boyd K,Horsburgh D (2006) NursingEthics. Fifth edition. ChurchillLivingstone, Edinburgh.Tschudin V (1992) Ethics inNursing The Caring Relationship.Second edition. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.UK Clinical Ethics Network(2006) The Four Principles.www.ethics-network.org.uk/framework/framework.htm (Lastaccessed June 25 2007.)

Military, Army and War - Military Down Sizing and the Fall of a Great N

Military Down Sizing The Possible Fall of a Great Nation America is one the most exponentful nations in the world. Being a strong nation includes having a strong military as well as economy. As one can observe, the U. S. economy is exploitation by leaps and bounds. However, the military is being put through sized, and if we do not do something about it, it will continue to be down sized until we have an establish up force that will no longer be capable of protecting this great nation. Not only will this down sizing affect our baron to protect ourselves, it will also cause a substantial loss in economic strength and power abroad. Because military down sizing lessens our power abroad, opens the United States up to a possible invasion, and hurts our economy, the military must be maintained in order to ensure a strong, healthy nation some(prenominal) abroad and on the home front for many centuries to come. Military down sizing is increasing at a rapid rate. This down sizing is in the first place due to budget cuts. Since the peak of Korean war spending in 1953, military spending has declined in twenty-five of the last thirty-seven years. The build up for Vietnam was short and followed by an equivalent build down. The Carter-Reagan buildup was longer but smaller than the one for Vietnam, and is currently being succeeded by a new build down (Brauer 299). If history keeps repeating itself, the United States military will continue to build up and then hinder this build up with an even greater build down. As a result the U.S. sustains a weaker more vulnerable armed force. The militarys inability to provide its men and women with sufficient transportation is also a paradox caused by budget cuts. Many military trucks represent technolo... ...must always be ready for the least expected. Works Cited Brauer, Jurgen, and Manas Chatterji, eds. Economic Issues of Disarmament. New York New York University Press, 1993. Federation of American Scientists. Ed. Marcus Corbin. The New Threats Argument. February 2000. 27 February 2000 <http//www.fas.org/pub/gen/mswg/msbb/new.html>. Hinkle, Jeffrey J. Funding the New, Fixing the Old holds the Future for Tactical Trucks. National Defense 82 (1997-1998) 32-34. Kaminski, Paul G. Building a fix Force for the 21st Century. Defense Issues 11 (1996) 1-4. Rosello, Lieutenant Colonel Victor M. Predicting the Unpredictable. Military Review 75 (1994-1995) 127-129. Sandler, Todd, and Keith Hartley, eds. The Economics of Defense. New York Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Haimons Covert Scheme Essay -- essays research papers

Haimon has a certain tendency to be overlooked in Sophocles Antigone. At first he appears to be a humble character reference, an accessory to the overt conflict communicatering between Kreon and Antigone. We see Haimon supporting his come, and soon thereafter in conflict with him. Haimon expresses disregard for the life of his cold bride to be, further is defined as being driven by lust. Several questions come up who does Haimon really support, what drives his actions, and what is his ultimate intent? Unraveling these issues is a tricky task, but what we regain is Haimon is far more than an accessory. Haimon is introduced in third-person, making his character easily overlooked and marginalized from the start. Ismene says oh dearest Haimon, how your father dishonors you, yet he isnt even present (573). When Haimon does enter, his father assumes he knows of the situation, meaning he had time to plot his actions. Haimon begins by showing Kreon that he is really on his side, a ve ry common technique for disparity that can be found in such books as Dale Carnegies. The general idea is to start by wining a persons favor so he will be more open to criticism later. It not uncommon to hold the view that Haimon isnt using such a technique but actually does support Kreon, however there are problems with such a view. Haimon says an interesting ambiguous statement your judgments, being good ones, guide my direction aright (636). The ambiguity is subtle, but it can imply Haimon follows only when Kreons judgment is good. As of yet no disagreement has surfaced, but when it does it also shows a degree of planning. Haimon maintains distance from saying his father is wrong, by mentioning that the city favors Antigones actions and things might also turn out well some other sort (687). Haimon then presents a parable on a ship, if he who holds the power strains the rigging tights and does not yield, he turns his rowing benches over and completes his voyage acme down (715) . The refinement of the parable does not imply an improvised remark but something premeditated. At this point the reader should ask what motivated this change in Haimons views or was it even a change at all? Within a short span of time Haimons stated views change, but there is no clear motivator for the change. Perhaps that... ...character, to consider motivation and intent. Changes in a characters view dont occur spontaneously, motivation for change or previous deception regarding the view must be considered. If one moment Haimon supports Kreon and the next opposes him, what causes this change? Likewise, the reader should consider what the character is doing while not the focus of attention. Haimon knew about the events that were unraveling, what can he plan while the focus is elsewhere? Ambiguous terms factor greatly into an indication of Haimons motivation. Lust and passion are associated with women, but can just as easily be applicable to power or money. Looking at these issu es combined we can answer the original questions whom does Haimon support, what drives his actions, and what is his ultimate intent? Haimon does not support Kreon he does support Antigones views, but is not bothered by threats of her death. As the chorus states, Haimon is driven by lust, but this lust is for power rather than for Antigone. Combine these issues together and what we find is Haimons intent he seeks to put to work a situation where Kreon is in poor standing to fulfill his lust for power by taking the throne.